SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY ISSUES IN INDONESIA
Indonesia has not yet recovered from the economic crisis of
1997, thus there is little improvements in urban solid waste handling. Rapid
population growth in urban areas, socio-cultural classes heterogeneity and
community participation that is generally not well-directed and well-organized
have resulted the complexities of municipal solid waste (MSW) problems to be
handled in a municipality. On the other hand, fund situation and relatively low
priority in waste handling among local governments are general trends, along
with the limitations in proper human resources handling waste, adding to the
low performance of municipality in handling the sanitation and waste in urban
area. Many aspects involved in the cause of inadequate MSW management, some of
these are lacks of supports of municipalities to address wastes problems
systematically, integrated and comprehensively, lacks of standard policies that
are comprehensive and consistent in matters of waste handling, and low
awareness among communities about adequate waste handling procedures. This
paper will highlight the main issues of SWM management in Indonesia.
One of the most strategic governmental program, through the
Ministry of Environment associated with wastes issue is Adipura Program, which
has been revived since June, 2002. The program of award granting reached its
highest position as the most important program during the era prior to
multidimensional crises as discussed earlier in this paper. The main objective
of this program is to motivate local governments in applying good environmental
government principles in managing urban environment, to realize a clean and
green city. Environmental issues that being evaluated are as follow [4]: •
Solid Waste management
• Green open spaces management
• Public facilities
management
• Water pollution control
• Beach and coast area management
• Environmental impact analysis application
• Spatial planning and management application In 2004/2005
164 cities participate voluntarily in this program. The participants were
divided into four city categories based on population [4]:
• Metropolitans (
more than one million population)
• Big City (500,001 – 1,000,000 population)
• Medium City (100,001 – 500,000 population)
• Small city (up to
100,000 population)
Based on the successful results in term of changing views on
the part of city administrators in their city management, in the next activity
(205/2006), the central government decided that this is the time to actively
involve the existing cities, where the evaluators involved would not only
comprise government officials but to include community elements from each and
every local community. According to evaluation results associated with Adipura
Program [5], information revealed that the average generation of wastes in
2003/2004 was 2.39 liters/cap/day.
Population of metropolitans and big cities tended to generate more wastes than
medium/small cities. MSW successfully transported were 74,11%. This figure is
relatively higher due to the fact that the calculations were being based on the
number of waste truck volume that could transport wastes relative to wastes
generated by the entire city/district that theoretically calculated based on
the of population. In fact, it is probable
that wastes generated by non-residential areas were been omitted from the
calculation.
STRATEGY FOR THE FUTURE Up to present time, national
regulation regarding to MSW management has not been set-up. For that purpose,
the Government of Indonesia are preparing a draft of Solid Waste Management
Law. Some important issues deserve considerations and discussions in developing
this regulation among stakeholders associated with waste management are as
follows:
• The fundamental
concept of waste management that should be adopted is how to decrease the
volume of wastes generation from its very sources and to apply recycle
principles. The applied waste management should be based on resources
conservation such as composting and energy application.
• The Landfill should be designed, constructed and operated
as it should, in accordance with sound standards and practices, to the extent
that the surrounding community and environment would experience no disturbing
or harmful negative impacts.
• Waste management should be established based on community
participation. Residential waste problems would be addressed only through the
involvement of the entire roles of stakeholders, including residential group.
Rewards and supports are required to be granted to any community show any
success in waste management. The Government provide any group with active
partnership support based on mutual benefit approach.
Enri Damanhuri - Expert Meeting on Waste Management in
Asia-Pacific Islands, Oct 27-29, 2005, Tokyo
• Cooperation with business community could be realized by
creating conducive business climate to the extent that it would promote investments, accompanied by
incentives measures for the benefit of business community, especially through
tax exemptions, soft loans, simplification of license and permits and clear cut
regulations.
• The establishment
of a landfill based on administrative boundaries should be adjusted. Waste
problems were not urban problems, but regional problems instead. This measure
would be more effective if it is professionally operated by private sector. In
the future, the role of the Governments would be better as regulators. The
government should facilitate the capacity building for Indonesians institutions
and business sectors to be able to propose and implement clean development mechanism
(CDM), since Indonesia has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
• There should be rearrangement of the rights, obligations,
authorities and responsibilities of stakeholders, along with the proper ways to
solve any conflict resulted from waste managements.
CONCLUSION
Population growth
will increase the amount of waste generation to be managed. Being in a
difficult economic condition, the environmental problem in large cities in
Indonesia is increasingly depressing. From the aspect of available fund
allocation, municipal waste handling will always be given low priority. It will
be hard for the existing urban waste service capacities in Indonesian cities to
catch up with the increased waste generation. When city administrators do not
want to leave the old practice based on the concept of collect - transport -
dispose, the amount of waste that can be transported will be decreasing, along
with the decreasing capacity of existing transportation modes. Therefore, a new
paradigm is needed in waste management, among others to reduce, as much as
possible, the amount of waste for disposal from sources up to the final dumping
site through recycling activities. The most fundamental MSW problem in
Indonesia is the lack of comprehensive and consistent policy pattern of handling
wastes. The prevalent practice give
inadequate attention over the existence of landfills as elements of waste
management. In the future, the task of waste administrators would not be easier
than in the past or present. Should the existing efforts and capacities remain
unchanged, it would certainly clear that the ability to handle this sector
would be deteriorate due to the aging of the existing facilities and fund
inadequacy. In such a case, they should take into account the role of private
sector in the long-run waste management.
A strong political will is needed from all parties, the central and
local governments, executive and legislative, the waste generators, and MSW
managers, as well as the other actors involved so far with waste, to handle the
problem of MSW together and in integration.
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